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Probiotic scientific research and results of studies.

There is just so much litrature and scientific study research on the benefits of probiotic and prebiotic it would be impossible to put on just one page. So as well as giving links to Medical publications, we are giving links to other sites which cover scientific study results.

PUBMED - Precise 2010- 2012 literature search for probiotics research published in the top clinical journals

From PUBMED

Allen SJ, Okoko B, Martinez E, Gregorio G, Dans LF. Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(2):CD003048. PMID 15106189
Deshpande G, Rao S, Patole S. Probiotics for prevention of necrotising enterocolitis in preterm neonates with very low birthweight: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2007;369:1614–20. PMID 17499603
FAO/WHO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. London (Ontario), 2002 (available at http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/en/probiotic_guidelines.pdf and http://www.fermented-foods.net/wgreport2.pdf).
Fedorak RN, Madsen KL. Probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2004;20:146–55. PMID 15703637
Floch MH, Madsen KK, Jenkins DJ, et al. Recommendations for probiotic use. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40:275–8. PMID 16633136
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995;125:1401–12. PMID 7782892
Giralt J, Regadera JP, Verges R, et al. Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 in prevention of radiation-induced diarrhea: results from multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled nutritional trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; Feb 1 [Epub ahead of print]. PMID 18243569
Hickson M, D’Souza AL, Muthu N, et al. Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2007;335:80. PMID 17604300
Johnston BC, Supina AL, Ospina M, Vohra S. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD004827. PMID 17443557
Lemberg DA, Ooi CY, Day AS. Probiotics in paediatric gastrointestinal diseases. J Paediatr Child Health 2007;43):331–6. PMID 17489821
Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Sanders ME, Cabana MD, et al. Probiotic and prebiotic influence beyond the intestinal tract. Nutr Rev 2007;65:469–89. PMID 18038940
Lirussi F, Mastropasqua E, Orando S, Orlando R. Probiotics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD005165. PMID 17253543
Mallon P, McKay D, Kirk S, Gardiner K. Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD005573. PMID 17943867
Meurman JH, Stamatova I. Probiotics: contributions to oral health. Oral Dis 2007;13:443–51. PMID 17714346
O’Mahony LJ, McCarthy J, Kelly P, et al. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology 2005;128:541–51. PMID 15765388
Osborn DA, Sinn JK. Probiotics in infants for prevention of allergic disease and food hypersensitivity. PMID 17943912
Quigley EMM, Flourie B. Probiotics and irritable bowel syndrome: a rationale for their use and an assessment of the evidence to date. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:166–72. PMID 17300285
Rolfe VE, Fortun PJ, Hawkey CJ, Bath-Hextall F. Probiotics for maintenance of remission in Crohn’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4):CD004826. PMID 17054217
Sazawal SG, Hiremath U, Dhingra P, Malik P, Deb S, Black RE. Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2006;6:374–82. PMID 16728323
Sullivan A, Nord CE. Probiotics and gastrointestinal diseases. J Intern Med 2005;257:78–92.
Szajewska H, Ruszczyñski M, Radzikowski A. Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2006;149:367–72. PMID 16939749
Szajewska H, Skórka A, Dylag M. Meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:257-64. PMID 17269987
Szajewska H, Skórka A, Ruszczyñski M, Gieruszczak-Bia³ek D. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:871–81. PMID 17402990
Tong JL, Ran ZH, Shen J, Zhang CX, Xiao SD. Meta-analysis: the effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:155–68. PMID 17229240
Van Loo JV, Gibson GR, Probert HM, Rastall RA, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2004;17:259–75.

From the Obtibac Probiotics site

Williams E, et al (2008) Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. September 10 2008

Kocian, J. (1996). Further Possibilities in the Treatment of Lactose Intolerance: Lactobacilli. Prakticky Lekar (General Practitioner). Vol. 74. pp. 212 – 214

Hill, M. J. (1997) Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention; Vol. 6 Suppl. 1 pp. S43 – 5

Guarner, F. & Malagelada, J. R. (2003) Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet; Vol. 8 pp. 512 – 9

Gibson, G.R. & Wang, X. (1994) Regulatory Effects of Bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. Oct;77(4):412-20.

Drisko, J. A, et al. (2003) Probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention. Alternative Medicine Review; Vol. 8 (2) pp.143 - 55.

Kimoto, H. et al (2004) New Lactococcus strain with immunomodulatory activity: enhancement of Th1-type immune response. Microbiology and Immunology; Vol. 48 (2) pp.75 – 82

Kumar et al. (2005) Beneficial effects of probiotics and prebiotics on human health; Pharmazie Vol. 60 (3) pp.163 – 71

Saavedra, J. & Tschernia, A. (2002) Human studies with probiotics and prebiotics: clinical implications. British Journal of Nutrition, Volume 87, Supplement s2, 1 May 2002, pp. 241-246(6)

Gibson, G. R. et al (1995) Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterology. Apr;108(4):975-82.

Diop, L. et al. (2007) Probiotic food supplement reduces stress-induced gastrointestinal symptoms in volunteers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Nutrition Research 28.

Clinical Trials on Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM®
Faber, SM. (2000) Treatment of abnormal gut flora improves symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 95(9):2533.

Sui, J et al. (2002) 16S ribosomal DNA analysis of the faecal lactobacilli composition of human subjects consuming a probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM®. J Appl Microbiol 93:907-912.

Ouwehand, AC et al. (2009) Influence of a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® and lactitol on healthy elderly: intestinal and immune parameters. British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 101, pp. 367-375

Engelbrektson, AL et al. (2005) Analysis of treatment effects on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. PhD Thesis, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA.

Varcoe, J et al. (2002) Variable response to exogenous Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® consumed in different delivery vehicles. J Appl Microbiol 93:900-906.

Crowell, DC. (1998) Microbial analysis of human intestinal flora after feeding Lactobacillus acidophilus. M.S. Thesis, North Carolina State Univ, Raleigh.

Gilliland, SW et al. (1978) Influence of consuming nonfermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus on fecal flora of healthy males. J Dairy Sci 61:1-10.

Gilliland, SE et al. (1975) Detection of Lactobacillus acidophilus in feces of humans, pigs, and chickens. Appl Microbiol; 30(4):541-545.

Clinical Trials on Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® with Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04
Ouewhand, AC et al. (2009) Specific probiotics alleviate allergic rhinitis during the birch pollen season. World Journal of Gastronenterol; Vol. 15, pp. 3261 - 3268

Clinical Trials on Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® with Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07
Leyer GJ, et al. (2009) Probiotic effects on cold and influenze-like symptom incidene and duration in children. Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics; Vol. 124, pp. 172-179

Ringel, Y. et al. (2008) Probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07 improve symptoms of bloating in patients with function bowel disorders (FBD). Gastoenterology; Vol 134(4 Suppl. 1):A549

Clinical Trials on Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04
Paineau, D. et al. (2008). Effects of seven potential probiotic strains on specific immune responses in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Vol. 53 (1), pp. 107-13

Drisko, J. A. et al. (2003) Probiotics in Health Maintenance and Disease Prevention. Alternative Medicine Review; Vol. 8 (2) pp. 143 - 156

Hill, M. J. (1997) Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis. European Journal of Cancer Prevention; Vol. 6 Suppl. 1 pp. S43 – 5

Famularo, G. et al (2005) Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians? Medical Hypotheses; Vol. 65 (6) pp.1132 – 5

Hebuterne, X. (2003) Gut changes attributed to ageing: effects on intestinal microflora. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care; Vol. 6 (1) pp. 49 – 54.

Hughes, D. A. (1999) Effects of dietary antioxidants on the immune function of middle-aged adults. Proceedings of Nutrition Society; Vol. 58 (1) pp. 79 - 84

Forchielli, M. L. & Walker, W. A. (2005) The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence. British Journal of Nutrition; Vol. 93 Suppl. 1 pp. S41 – 8

Fasano, A. & Shea-Donohue, T. (2005) Mechanisms of disease: the role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Vol. 2 (9) pp.416 – 422.

Clinical Research on Probiotics, Prebiotics and Bloating
Marteau, P. & Boutron-Ruault, M. C. (2002) Nutritional Advantages of Probiotics and Prebiotics. British Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 87 Suppl. 2 pp. S153 – S157

Paineau, D. (2007) Regular consumption of short-chain fructo-oligosachharides improves digestive comfort with minor functional bowel disorders. Br. J. Nutr. Aug 13:1-8 [Epub ahead of print]

Colecchia, A. (2006) Effect of a symbiotic preparation on the clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome, constipation-variant. Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol. 2006. 52:349-358

Tokunaga, T. (1993) Effects of fructooligosachharides (FOS) intake on the intestinal microflora and defecation in healthy volunteers. Bifidus. (6) 143-150.

Houghton, L. A. & Whorwell, P. J. (2005) Towards a better understanding of abdominal bloating and distension in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterology & Motility. Vol. 17 pp. 500 – 511

Zar, S, et al. (2002) Review Article: bloating in functional bowel disorders. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Vol. 16 pp. 1867 - 1876

Kumar, D. et al. (2005) Beneficial effects of probiotics and prebiotics on human health; Pharmazie Vol. 60 (3) pp.163 – 171

Gibson, G. R. et al (1995) Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin. Gastroenterology. Apr;108(4):975-82.

Clinical Research on probiotics and antibiotics
D’Souza, A. L. et al (2002) Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. British Medical Journal. Vol. 324 pp. 1362 – 1368

Jirapinyo, P. et al. (2002) Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in infants by probiotics. J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 (Suppl 2): S739-S42.

Firmesse, O. et al (2005). Quantification after transit in human digestive tract of For those on anti biotics (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Rosell 11 & Lactobacillus Acidophilus Rosell 52) consumed in a food supplement. National Institute of Agronomic Research. Presented at Rome Conference on probiotics.

Dr Benes, Z. et al. (2006) Lacidofil (Lactobacillus Rosell 52 & Lactobacillus Rosell 11) alleviates symptoms of IBS. Nutrafoods, Vol. 5 pp. 20 -27

Kocian, J. (1996). Further Possibilities in the Treatment of Lactose Intolerance: Lactobacilli. Prakticky Lekar (General Practitioner). Vol. 74. pp. 212 – 214

Vanderhoof, J.A. et al. (1999) Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. J Pediatrics 1999; 135: 564-8.

Arvola, T. et al. (1999) Prophylactic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. Pediatrics 1999; 104(5): e64.

Tlaskal, P. et al (1995) For those on antibiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus & rhamnosus) in the Treatment of Children with Gastrointestinal Tract Illness; Cesko-Slovenska pediatrie. Vol. 51 pp. 615-619

Wallace, T. D. et al (2003). 'Interactions of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Effects on Cytokine Production'. Journal of Food Protection. Vol. 66 Iss. 3 pp. 466 – 472

Ziemniak, W. (2006). Efficacy of Helicobacter Pylori eradication taking into account its resistance to anitbiotics. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supp 3, p. 123-141

Clinical Research on Saccharomyces boulardii and diarrhoea
McFarland, L.V. & Bernasconi, P. (1993) Saccharomyces boulardii: A Review of an Innovative Biotherapeutic Agent. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease; Vol. 6 pp. 157-171.

Hochter, W. et al (1990) Saccharomyces boulardii in acute adult diarrhea. Efficacy and tolerance of treatment. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift; Vol. 132 (12) pp. 188-192.

Cetina-Sauri, G. & Basto, S. (1994) Therapeutic evaluation of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea. Annales de Pediatrie; Vol. 41 (6) pp. 397-400.

Kurugol, Z. & Koturoglu, G. (2005) Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhea. Acta Paediatrica; Vol. 94 pp. 44-47.

Maupas, J.L. et al. (1983) Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Double Blind Trial of Saccharomyces boulardii. Medecine Chirurgie Digestives. Vol. 12 (1) pp. 77 – 79.

Kotowska, M. et al. (2005) Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 21 (5), 583–590

Erdeve, O. et al. (2004) 'The probiotic effect of S.boulardii in a pediatric age group' Journal of Trop Pediatr. Aug;50(4) pp.234-6

D'Souza, A. et al. (2002) Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. Care of the Elderly Section, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London. BMJ 2002;324:1361 ( 8 June )

Kirchhelle, A. et al. (1996) Treatment of persistent diarrhoea with Saccharomyces boulardii in returning travellers. Results of a prospective study; Fortschr Med; Vol. 114 (11) pp. 136-140

Grandy, G. et al. (2010) Probiotics in the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhoea. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial using two different probiotic preparations in Bolivian children; BMC Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10 pp. 253

Clinical Research on Saccharomyces boulardii and Candida
Ducluzeau, R. & Bensaada, M. (1982) Comparative effect of a single or continuous administration of Saccharomyces boulardii on the establishment of various strains of Candida in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. Annales de microbiologie. (Inst. Pasteur). 133: pp: 491-501

Jawhara, S. & Poulain, D. (2007) Saccharomyces boulardii decreases inflammation and intestinal colonisation by Candida albicans in a mouse model of chemically-induced colitis. Medical Mycology, Vol. 45. Issue 8. pp 691 - 700.

Berg, R. et al. (1993) Inhibition of Candida albicans translocation from the gastrointestinal tract of mice by oral administration of Saccharomcyes boulardii. J Infect Dis. 1993,Nov;168(5):1314-8.

Murzyn, et al. (2010) Capric Acid Secreted by S. boulardii Inhibits C. Albicans. August 2010, Plos One, Vol. 5. Issue 8.

Clinical Research on Saccharomyces boulardii and Clostridium difficile disease
McFarland, L.V. et al. (1994) A randomised placebo-controlled trial of saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for clostridium difficile disease. The Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 271. pp. 1913 - 1918

Surawicz, C.M. et al (2000) The Search for a Better Treatment for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Disease: Use of High-Dose Vancomycin Combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Vol. 31 pp. 1012 – 1017

Buts, J. et al. (1993) Saccharomyces boulardii for Clostridium difficile-Associated Enteropathies in Infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Vol. 16 pp. 419 – 425

Surawicz, C.M. et al. (1989) Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Colitis with Vancomycin and Saccharomyces boulardii. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. Vol. 85 (10)

Surawicz, C.M. (2003) Probiotics, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in humans. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. Vol. 17 (5) pp. 775 – 783

Castagliuolo, I. et al. (1999) Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in human colonic mucosa. Infect Immun. 67(I): 302 - 307.

Pothoulakis, C. et al. (1993) Saccharomyces boulardii inhibits Clostridium difficile toxin: A binding and enterotoxicity in rat ileum. Gastroenterology: 104(4): 1108 - 1115.

Tung, J.M et al. (2010) Prevention of Clostridium difficile with Saccharomyces boulardii: A systematic review; Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 23(12) pp. 817-821

Clinical Research on Saccharomyces boulardii and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Guslandi, M. et al. (2000) Saccharomyces boulardii in Maintenance Treatment of Crohn's Disease. Digestive Diseases & Sciences. Vol 45, 7, 1462 - 1464.

Guslandi, M. et al. (2003) A pilot trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in ulcerative colitis. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Vol. 15 pp. 697 – 698.

Clinical Research on probiotics and travelling
McFarland, L. V. (2007) Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveller’s diarrhoea. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 97 – 105

Gibson, G.R. & Wang, X. (1994) Regulatory Effects of Bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. Oct;77(4):412-20.

Kollaritsch, H. H. et al (1993) Prevention of traveller’s diarrhoea: Comparison of different non-antibiotic preparations. Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study; Fortschr Med; Vol. 111 pp. 152-156

Kirchhelle, A. et al. (1996) Treatment of persistent diarrhoea with Saccharomyces Boulardii in returning travellers. Results of a prospective study; Fortschr Med; Vol. 114 (11) pp. 136-140

Wallace, T. D. et al (2003). Interactions of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Effects on Cytokine Production. Journal of Food Protection. Vol. 66 Iss. 3 pp. 466 – 472

Hilton, E. et al (1997) Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG) as a Diarrheal Preventive in Travelers. Journal of Travel Medicine 4 (1), 41–43

Teitelbaum, J. E. (2005) Probiotics and the Treatment of Infectious Diarrhea. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 24:3, 267

Research on the probiotic strain in For maintaining regularity
Matsumoto, M. et al. (2001) Effect of Yoghurt with Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12® in Improving Fecal Microflora and Defecation of Healthy Volunteers. Journal of Intestinal Microbiology; 14(2): pp. 97-102

Pitkala, K.H et al. (2007) Fermented cereal with specific bifidobacteria normalizes bowel movements in elderly nursing home residents. A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging; 11(4): pp.305-311.

Nishida, S. et al. (2004) Effect of Yogurt Containing Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12® on Improvement of Defecation and Fecal Microflora of Healthy Female Adults. Milk Science; 53(2): pp. 71-80

Murakami, T. et al (2006) Safety and effect of yoghurt containing Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12® on improvement of defecation and faecal microflora in healthy volunteers. Journal of Nutritional Food; 9 pp. 15-26

Uchida et al. (2005) Effect of fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12® on stool frequency, defecation, fecal microbiota and safety of excessive ingestion in healthy female students. Journal of Nutritional Food. 8(1): pp.39-51

Rizzardini, G. et al (2011) Evaluation of the immune benefits of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12® and Lactobacillus casei 431® in an influenza vaccination model: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Nutrition

Clinical trials on all probiotic strains in For your child's health
Cazzola, M. et al. (2010) Efficacy of a synbiotic supplementation in the prevention of common diseases in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study; Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 0(0) pp. 1-8

Cazzola, M. et al. (2010) Immunomodulatory impact of synbiotic in TH1 and TH2 models of infection; Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 0(0) pp. 1-13

Clinical Research on probiotics and infants & children
Van Niel, C. W. et al (2002). Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. Vol. 109 pp. 678 – 684

Marschan, E. et al. (2008). Probiotics in infancy induce protective immune profiles that are characteristic for chronic low-grade inflammation; Clinical and Experimental Allergy – the Journal of the British Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Feb 11

Rautava, S. et al (2002). ‘Probiotics during pregnancy and breast-feeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant’. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jan Vol. 109 (1), pp. 119-121

Rosenfeldt. V, et al (2002) Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in young children hospitalized with acute diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J;21 :411 –416

Knol J. et al. (2005) Colon microflora in infants fed formula with galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides: more like breast-fed infants. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. Jan; Vol. 40 (1) pp.36 - 42

Saavedra, J.M. et al. (1994) Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. The Lancet. Oct 15;344(8929):1046-9.

Saavedra, J.M, et al. (1989) Long-term consumption of infant formulas containing live probiotic bacteria: tolerance and safety: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Vol. 79. pp. 261-267

Fukushima, Y. et al (1998). Effect of a probiotic formula on intestinal immunoglobulin A production in healthy children. International Journal of Food Microbiology. Vol. 42 (1-2), pp. 39 - 44

Zajewska, H. & Mrukowicz, J.Z. (2001) Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr;33(suppl 2) :S17 –S25)

Langhendries, J.P et al. (1995) Effect of fermented infant formula containing viable bifidobacteria on the fecal flora composition and pH of healthy full-term infants: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 21, 2, 177081

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